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Melamine is a common illegal additive in milk because of its unique structure, affordable price, and easy concealment. Melamine is often added to milk, wheat gluten, and other protein sources to falsely increase protein content at a lower cost. However, its presence poses serious health risks, such as resulting in damage to the reproductive and urinary systems, especially in infants. To safeguard the health of consumers, laws and regulations have been implemented to limit illegal additives in milk. For example, the maximum residue limit (MRL) for melamine was 2.5 mg/mL.
Various rapid detection methods have been utilized for melamine detection, including immunoassays, ELISA, aptamer sensors, and nanomaterial sensors. Among these methods, LFA has gained significant attention as a portable, easy-to-use, rapid, and cost-effective on-site testing format. However, there are limited reports on LFA for melamine detection, with most of them employing colorimetric approaches using antibodies or aptamers as recognition elements.